AD 49 — The Romans found a colony or colonia at Colchester for retired soldiers. This was to be the first civilian centre of Roman Britain and — for a time — the capital of the territory. AD 51 — The leader of the exiled Catuvellauni tribe, Caratacus, is captured. He had led a protracted guerrilla war against the occupying Roman forces for years, but was eventually brought to battle by the Roman governor Publius Ostorius. Caratacus spent the remainder of his days in retirement in Italy.
The campaign to occupy Wales was however cut short by the Iceni revolt in south east England. Above: Boudica or Boudicea leading the Iceni rebellion against the Romans. Although the location of this battle is uncertain, it is thought that it took place somewhere in modern day Aberdeenshire.
AD — Most of the 8, miles of Roman roads in Britain are completed, allowing troops and goods to travel easily across the country. The new Roman emperor, Trajan, also orders a complete withdrawal from Scotland and the construction of a new frontier between Newcastle-on-Tyne and Carlisle.
This new wall is built of earth and timber, and is strengthened by a series of forts along its length. AD — Villas start appearing across the British countryside. Compared to their southern counterparts they are fairly modest however, with fewer than ten having mosaic floors. Although the reasons for this are unclear, it is thought that an uprising by the Brigantes had forced the retreat. Anglo-Saxon mercenaries had for many years fought in the Roman army in Britain, so they were not total strangers to the island.
Their invasions were slow and piecemeal, and began even before the Roman legions departed. There is even some evidence to suggest that, initially, some Saxons were invited to help protect the country from invasion. When the Roman legions left Britain, the Germanic-speaking Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians began to arrive — at first in small invading parties, but soon in increasing numbers. Initially they met little firm resistance from the relatively defenceless inhabitants of Britannia.
Around AD, however, the invaders were resisted fiercely by the Romano-British, who might have been led by King Arthur, if he existed — and there is no hard evidence that he did.
However, the monk Gildas, writing in the mid-6th century, talks about a British Christian leader called Ambrosius who rallied the Romano-British against the invaders and won twelve battles. Later accounts call this leader Arthur. See 'Saxon Settler' lesson plan. The Celtic areas of Britain regarded the Saxons as enemies and foreigners on their borders: their name became Sassenachs to the Scottish and Saesneg to the Welsh.
The various Anglo-Saxon groups settled in different areas of the country. They formed several kingdoms, often changing, and constantly at war with one another. By AD there were seven separate kingdoms, as follows:. Kent , settled by the Jutes. This large kingdom stretched over the Midlands. Julius Caesar had of course paid earlier visits to Britain in 55 and 54 BC however these had only been to please his adoring public back home in Rome political propaganda!
The Romans quickly established control over the tribes of present day southeastern England. One British chieftain of the Catuvallauni tribe known as Caractacus , who initially fled from Camulodunum Colchester to present day south Wales, stirred up some resistance until his defeat and capture in 51 AD. He was later released in recognition of his courage and died in Rome. Resistance to Roman rule continued in what is now Wales, particularly inspired by the Druids , the priests of the native Celtic peoples.
All was relatively quiet in Britannia for ten years or so until Prasutagus the king of the Iceni tribe, died. His queen, Boudica, a little upset at having her lands taken from her by the Romans and her two daughters raped, opted for affirmative action rather than the diplomatic approach.
Albans and Camulodunum Colchester. Boudica poisoned herself after her army was virtually annihilated by Roman legions returning from active service in North Wales. They had again been attempting to quell the Druids in Anglesey. Agricola moved northwards defeating the Caledonian tribes under the leadership of Calgacus at the battle of Mons Graupius in present day northeastern Scotland.
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