Alcohol is classified as a depressant, but it can produce stimulant effects. The initial alcohol signals the brain to produce dopamine, causing you to feel stimulated and energized. Alcohol can have additional stimulant effects, such as an increased heart rate and aggression. The depressive effects appear once the BAC reaches 0. Alcohol interacts with other drugs in various ways, including marijuana, opioids, and stimulants. Mixing alcohol with other substances can increase the likelihood and severity of an overdose.
Mixing alcohol with other substances increases the risk of accidents. You are more likely to get hurt or hurt others as alcohol impacts judgment, vision, and coordination. Injuries caused by violence are a common type of injury associated with alcohol, as the substance increases aggressive behavior.
Motor vehicle crashes are also common accidents associated with alcohol use. In , 10, people died in alcohol-impaired driving crashes in the United States. Valium and Xanax are the most common depressants that are mixed with alcohol. Mixing a depressant with alcohol can have life-threatening effects.
Xanax is also a depressant, meaning it slows down nervous system activity. Mixing alcohol with Xanax will intensify the side effects of both substances. If the two substances are mixed, over-sedation can occur, possibly resulting in respiratory depression, cardiac arrest, and consciousness loss.
This combination of alcohol and Ativan is dangerous because Ativan and alcohol both depress the central nervous system. Possible side effects include slowed breathing, extreme drowsiness, coma, and death. Mixing alcohol with another CNS depressant like Klonopin can lead to increased drowsiness, as well as depressed breathing and heart rate. This combination can also be a dangerous risk for overdose.
One of the most common side effects of stimulants is an increased heart rate that causes the body to need more oxygen. Alcohol is a depressant that slows breathing, reducing oxygen supply just when it needs more. The combination of stimulants and depressants strains the organs and can cause respiratory failure and death. People often mix alcohol and Adderall to feel more relaxed. Contrary to what many people think, the two substances do not cancel each other because one is a depressant and the other a stimulant.
Instead, they compete with each other in the body. This competition can cause serious problems, such as alcohol poisoning, heart problems, and behavioral issues. Some people take alcohol in combination with cocaine, falsely believing that alcohol can boost cocaine and avoid withdrawal. However, mixing alcohol and cocaine can have lethal consequences, including:. Mixing alcohol with a stimulant like meth is on the rise.
People who use both drugs may drink more alcohol to feel more intoxicated, leading to alcohol toxicity. The combination can also cause cognitive impairment, a side effect that can be lethal if you get behind a wheel of a car. Mixing the two substances can lead to increased aggression and hostility. Taking high doses of opioids can decrease heart and breathing rates to dangerous levels.
If mixed with another central nervous system CNS depressant such as alcohol, it can have fatal consequences.
Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid that is 50 times more potent than heroin. Mixing alcohol and fentanyl increases the risk of dangerous side effects, such as irregular heart rate, respiratory arrest, coma, and death. Taking the two substances together can also lead to an unintentional overdose. Taking both methadone and alcohol can lead to dangerous intoxication. Taking methadone while drunk can lead to life-threatening complications such as difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, weak heart rate, and coma.
The combination of Oxycodone and alcohol can have serious consequences. Some of the most dangerous side effects include slowing or stopping of breathing or the heart. Taking alcohol together with heroin increases the odds of an adverse reaction.
Possible side effects include an increased risk of developing drug dependency, certain health complications, and a fatal overdose. Quincy, MA. Canton, MA. Ashby, MA. Falmouth, MA. Ottawa, ON. Baldwinville, MA. Bethlehem, CT. Calverton, NY. New York City, NY. Waymart, PA. New Brunswick, NJ.
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At the national level, the main policymaking body responsible for planning and monitoring different aspects of the counter-narcotics campaign is the Drug Control Headquarters DCH , which was established in The DCH coordinates the drug-related activities of the police the leading enforcement unit in terms of drug seizures , the customs officers, the IRGC contingent, and the Ministries of Intelligence, Security, Islamic Guidance and Education, and Health.
Iran has also put in place a rudimentary counter-drug institutional network at the provincial and local levels. In , acting on an order by the Expediency Council, the Mohammad Rasulollah Central Headquarters and three tactical headquarters of Salman, Meqdad, and Abuzar were established in the eastern part of the country. As previously mentioned, upon taking power, the revolutionary leadership declared the use of all intoxicants to be illegal.
In keeping with the anti-Western tenor of the revolution, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini declared that the distribution of heroin was a US-inspired conspiracy. But, as will be shown, both the interpretation and the application of drug-related laws in Iran have changed.
Over the years, Iran has taken a number of steps to staunch the inflow of drugs from the east. The Iranian government has deployed more firepower to the periphery in order to reinforce local and provincial law enforcement officers. Beginning in the mids, Iranian security forces stationed an estimated 30, men along the eastern border. In , Iran also created village-level Basij units, whose activities since then have broadened from defending villages to conducting offensive counter-narcotics operations.
According to Iranian officials, security forces confiscated nearly tons of drugs and arrested more than traffickers between March and March Over the past decade, a paradigm shift in Iranian counter-drug policies has been under way, marked by greater official acceptance of, and support for, demand and harm reduction interventions. Demand reduction encompasses a variety of measures that range from advocating the non-use of drugs, to treating individuals with problematic drug use and facilitating their reintegration in the community.
By the late s, Iranian authorities had begun to recognize the gravity of the HIV threat to the country. Springing from this realization were efforts, relatively uncoordinated at first, to raise public awareness about HIV.
Importantly, the members of these bodies encompassed official and non-governmental organizations — ranging from the Ministry of Health, the Drug Control Headquarters, the national police, Iranian television, and the prison and welfare authorities to the research and academic institutions.
Paimaneh Hastaei declared:. In an attempt to strike a balance between prevention, treatment and law enforcement activities, the Islamic Republic of Iran has assumed that demand reduction is as important as supply reduction; special attention is paid to the creation of effective prevention programs targeted at youth and high-risk groups.
Support for demand and harm reduction interventions among senior Iranian officials has been building, albeit very gradually. Beginning in the early s, Iranian authorities introduced treatment regimes that range from abstinence-only to detoxification. In , medical intervention for drug abuse became legal and explicit. Opioid agonists 53 were used furtively in private clinics at first, and made officially available for detoxification programs only in Subsequent attempts have been made to improve pharmacological treatment and to introduce psychotherapeutic interventions for drug dependent persons.
The rise in the HIV infection rate, especially among intravenous drug users, catalyzed the shift in official attitudes towards a more favorable view of demand and harm reduction approaches. Razzaghi et al. Iran is one of just 22 countries that provide harm reduction services to incarcerated drug injection users DIUs.
The government sponsors peer counseling, the dissemination of information to and hotlines for prisoners. Bleach is made available to them for disinfecting needles. Inmates receiving methadone maintenance treatment MMT or ARV care are referred upon release to needle exchange programs and other health services. In , the government passed a law stipulating that a drug user who voluntarily seeks treatment will be exempted from punishment. The ascendancy of the reformists in Iranian politics thus fostered a climate conducive to generating progressive ideas regarding drug use.
The work of Iranian non-governmental organizations NGOs , the close cooperation of the Ministry of Health and other stakeholders in the government, and informed advocacy among senior policymakers converted this new thinking into concrete action. Some analysts suggest that since the election of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad to office in August , there has been a return to a primarily supply-side approach. Kamin Mohammadi, for example, reports that, as of mid, there were 51 government facilities, private outpatient centers and an additional 26 transition centers.
In early , the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran announced an emergency plan to provide 3, people abusing drugs by injection in Tehran with a three-month treatment course.
The Government also implemented a nationwide plan for the rehabilitation of drug addicts from November to March The Government is also taking various measures to deal with serious problems involving drug abuse in prisons. Support for these efforts has come from seemingly unlikely sources. Prominent members of the NGO community deliberately targeted key religious figures and government officials, presenting them with data and analysis in efforts to enlist their support.
The importance of grassroots organizations in building this policy network and in conceptualizing as well as conducting demand and harm reduction programs cannot be overstated. The work of two Iranian NGOs — the Aftab Society and Persepolis — is indicative of the key roles and contributions of grassroots organizations, the rich diversity of programs they administer, and their symbiotic relationship with state institutions.
The organization holds workshops in minority communities and, with support from the Ministry of Labor, conducts education workshops in factories across the country. Persepolis, founded in , employs a peer-driven model and a public health approach to drug use. Among other things, this organization operates the largest methadone maintenance treatment MMT center in Iran.
Thus, beyond the actual work they do in the field, these organizations and others can be credited with helping to develop awareness and build capacity. Their statements are laced with complaints that Iran has shouldered a great burden largely without the material assistance and credit it deserves. Some have charged that Western depravity is essentially responsible for unleashing the scourge of drugs on Muslim countries.
And in more intemperate moments, there are a few who have threatened to allow smugglers freedom to operate unless the international community is more forthcoming with assistance. Yet, at the same time, Iranian officials at the highest levels have endorsed working in concert with others to address the narcotics problem.
In a July meeting with the EC anti-drug commission, for example, Secretary of the Expediency Council Mohsen Rezai called for a comparative study of the methods and experiences of other countries in the fight against drugs. The current global system for drug control rests on three international conventions — the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs , the Convention on Psychotropic Substances , and the Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Iran is a party to all three.
In , the government of Iran ratified the Protocol amending the Single Convention. Iran, which is a signatory of the Paris Pact of , is a strong proponent of an integrated regional approach to counter-narcotics. For the past six years, the US State Department INL annual strategy reports have consistently stated that the government of Iran has demonstrated sustained national political will and has taken strong measures against illicit narcotics, including cooperation with the international community in support of the global effort against international drug trafficking.
Indeed, Iran has established multiple points of contact and cooperation with regional and international partners to combat drug trafficking and, more recently, to develop effective demand and harm reduction interventions. The May exchange of British and Iranian ambassadors, after a year hiatus, helped pave the way for Anglo-Iranian cooperation in the counter-narcotics field. The agreement provided for the mutual access to data banks and cooperation between Iranian and Italian police.
Iran has been a beneficiary of assistance from the European Union EU as well. In , the European Commission allocated 1.
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