Seleucid expansion into Anatolia and Greece was halted, however, after decisive defeats at the hands of the Roman army. The Seleucid Empire was a major center of Hellenistic culture, where Greek customs prevailed and the Greek political elite dominated, though mostly in urban areas.
Existing Greek populations within the empire were supplemented with Greek immigrants. It became the capital of a new kingdom of Pergamon, which Philetaerus founded in BCE, thus beginning the rule of the Attalid Dynasty. The Attalid kingdom began as a rump state, but was expanded by subsequent rulers. The Attalids themselves were some of the most loyal supporters of Rome in the Hellenistic world.
Under Attalus I r. They allied with Rome again under Eumenes II r. Additionally, in exchange for their support against the Seleucids, the Attalids were given all former Seleucid domains in Asia Minor. The Attalids were known for their intelligent and generous rule. Many historical documents from the era demonstrate that the Attalids supported the growth of towns by sending in skilled artisans and remitting taxes. They also allowed Greek cities to maintain nominal independence and sent gifts to Greek cultural sites, such as Delphi, Delos, and Athens, and even remodeled the Acropolis of Pergamon after the Acropolis in Athens.
When Attalus III r. Macedon, or Macedonia, was the dominant state of Hellenistic Greece. Antigonus II r. The Macedonian king was never deified in the same way that kings of the Ptolemaic and Seleucid Dynasties had been. Additionally, the custom of proskynesis, a traditional Persian act of bowing or prostrating oneself before a person of higher social rank, was never adopted. Instead, Macedonian subjects addressed their kings in a far more casual manner, and kings still consulted with their aristocracy in the process of making decisions.
During the reigns of Philip V r. Two decisive defeats in and BCE resulted in the deposition of the Antigonid Dynasty, and the dismantling of the kingdom of Macedon. Privacy Policy. Skip to main content. Ancient Greece and the Hellenistic World. Search for:. Macedonian Conquest. Many Macedonian institutions and demonstrations of power mirrored established Achaemenid conventions. Key Terms sarissas : A long spear or pike about feet in length, used in ancient Greek and Hellenistic warfare, that was initially introduced by Philip II of Macedon.
Key Takeaways Key Points Alexander the Great spent most of his ruling years on an unprecedented military campaign through Asia and northeast Africa. By the age of 30, he created an empire that stretched from Greece to Egypt, and into present-day Pakistan. Alexander inherited a strong kingdom and experienced army, both of which contributed to his successes. Key Terms phalanx : A rectangular mass military formation, usually composed entirely of heavy infantry armed with spears, pikes, sarissas, or similar weapons.
He was the father of Alexander the Great. Learning Objectives Describe the legacy Alexander left within his conquered territories.
Successor states remained dominant for the next years during the Hellenistic period. Over the course of his conquests, Alexander founded some 20 cities that bore his name, and these cities became centers of culture and diversity.
Although the Ptolemaic Kingdom observed the Egyptian religion and customs, Greek inhabitants were treated as a privileged minority. The Seleucid Empire was a major center of Hellenistic culture where Greek customs prevailed and the Greek political elite dominated, though mostly in urban areas.
The Attalid kingdom of Pergamon began as a rump state, but was expanded by subsequent rulers. The Attalids were some of the most loyal supporters of Rome in the Hellenistic world and were known for their generous and intelligent rule. Key Terms proskynesis : A traditional Persian act of bowing or prostrating oneself before a person of higher social rank.
The word is also used metaphorically to refer to leaders who are heavily influenced by larger superpowers or hegemonies, and regionally act as a surrogate for those larger players. Licenses and Attributions. Innovations—improved catapults and siege machinery, as well as a new kind of infantry in which each soldier was equipped with an enormous pike known as a sarissa—placed his armies at the forefront of military technology.
His plans for war against Asia were cut short when he was assassinated in B. Excavations of the royal tombs at Vergina in northern Greece give a glimpse of the vibrant wall paintings and rich decorative arts produced for the Macedonian royal court The reign of Alexander the Great — B. As crown prince, he received the finest education in the Macedonian court under his celebrated tutor Aristotle.
With some 43, infantry and 5, cavalry, it was the most formidable military expedition ever to leave Greece. In the end, he was defeated by his own army, which insisted on returning to Greece. On the way back, he died of fever in Babylon at the age of thirty-three.
All the lands that he had conquered were divided up among his generals Greece and Rome. Introduction by Joan Mertens. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, See on MetPublications. Adams, W. Lindsay, and Eugene N. Borza, eds. Washington, D. Philip II was interested in conquering the Greek city-states south of Macedonia because he wanted to conquer the Persian Empire, but in order to conquer such a large empire he needed the help of the Greek city-states.
He wanted to reorganize Greece, not to destroy it. What he needed was a safe southern border, so that he could leave Europe and invade the Achaemenid Empire.
Philip knew that a Persian ruler always needed some time to secure his position, and understood that there never had been a better opportunity to invade Asia.
Answer: Philip used his military knowledge to strengthen the Macedonian army. His soldiers were trained to fight as a phalanx. A phalanx was a large group of foot soldiers armed with shields and spears. After defeating the Greek city-states of Athens and Thebes at the Battle of Chaeronea in BC, Philip II led the effort to establish a federation of Greek states known as the League of Corinth, with him as the elected hegemon and commander-in-chief of Greece for a planned invasion of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia.
Philip II, byname Philip of Macedon, born bce—died , Aegae [now Vergina, Greece] , 18th king of Macedonia — bce , who restored internal peace to his country and by had gained domination over all of Greece by military and diplomatic means, thus laying the foundations for its expansion under his son ….
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